For a speech therapist teacher. Classification of sounds of the Russian language.

Types of alternations

There are two types of alternations of sounds - positional and non-positional. Positional

alternations are caused by phonetic conditions: the position of stress and the properties of neighboring sounds. The set of such conditions is called phonetic position. All the examples of alternations given so far have been positional.

Non-positional

alternations are caused by reasons beyond the competence of phonetics.
They are also called grammaticalized or morphonological. For example, alternating [o || á] in the roots of the words u dvoyat – u dvaivat ,
dig – dig in due
to the presence or
absence of the
suffix -iva
.
It's easy to verify this. In the words double
and
double
the root vowel is in the same phonetic position - under stress, between the sounds [v..i].
Therefore, this alternation is not determined by phonetic position. On the contrary, an exhaustive selection of cognate words with
and without -iva

Phonetics considers only positional alternations. Non-positional ones will be considered further, within the framework of those word-formation and inflectional processes in which they manifest themselves.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOUNDS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE material on speech therapy on the topic

CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOUNDS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

Sound from an acoustic point of view is the vibration of air particles. The source is the vibration of sound chords. From the point of view of articulation, vowels and consonants of speech are distinguished.

Articulation is a set of actions of the organs of pronunciation at the moment of sound.

According to articulatory characteristics, all speech sounds are divided into two groups:

• vowels;
• consonants.

The main criterion for this division is the presence or absence of an obstacle in the oral cavity when pronouncing them.

There are 42 speech sounds in the Russian language: 6 vowels, 36 consonants.

CLASSIFICATION OF VOWEL SOUNDS

All vowels of the Russian language are characterized by the presence of a voice (phonation), their articulation is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords and the free passage of exhaled air through the oral cavity.

Tonal sounds are those produced by the voice in the almost complete absence of noise, which ensures good audibility of the sound: vowels a, e, i, o, u, s. Vowels are distinguished according to the following characteristics:

1. When forming vowels, not the entire tongue rises to the palate, but its front, middle or back part. Due to this, the volume and shape of the oral cavity changes.

By row (position of the tongue in the horizontal plane):

• front vowels: [i] [e];
• middle vowels: [s] [a];
• back vowels: [u] [o];

2. According to the degree of elevation of the tongue to the palate (its position in the vertical plane): upper, middle and lower elevation:

• high vowels: [i], [s], [u];
• mid-rise vowels: [e], [o];
• low vowels: [a];

3. By the presence or absence of labialization, i.e. degrees of lip participation: rounded (labialized) and unrounded (non-labialized) vowels:

• labialized vowels: [u], [o];
• non-labialized vowels: [i], [s], [e], [a].

CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS

The articulation of consonant sounds is associated with the presence of some noise-generating barrier to the stream of air escaping from the lungs. The consonants of the Russian language differ in the following ways:

1. Classification of consonant sounds according to the method of formation:

• fricatives (fricatives) [f], [f'], [v], [v'], [s], [s'], [z], [z'], [w], [zh], [sch ], [j], [x], [x'];
• stop plosives [p], [p'], [b], [b'], [t], [t'], [d], [d'], [k], [k'], [g ], [G'];
• occlusive fricatives (affricates) [ts], [h];
• occlusive passages [m], [m'], [n], [n'], [l], [l'];
• trembling (vibrants) [р], [p']

Slit sounds are an obstacle to the air stream in the form of a gap between the organs of articulation.

The stop-plosive organs of articulation form a stop, which then explodes noisily.

Bow-cleft - the bow does not explode, but slowly turns into a gap.

Occlusion-passage - the organs of articulation form a bow, but there remains a passage for the air stream in another place.

Trembling - the raised tip of the tongue vibrates.

2. Classification of consonant sounds according to place of formation:

Labial:

• labiolabial [p], [p'], [b], [b'], [m], [m'];
• labiodental [f], [f'], [v], [v'];

Language:

• anterior lingual (formed by the front part of the back of the tongue, with different positions of the tip of the tongue), the tip of the tongue at the top - [t], [d], [n], [l], [l'], [p], [p'J, [ w], [f], [sch], [h]; tip of the tongue below - [t'], [d'], [n'], [s], [s'], [z], [z'], [ts];

• middle language [j];

• back-lingual [k], [k'], [g], [g'], [x], [x']

3. Classification of consonant sounds according to the degree of tension in the middle part of the back of the tongue:

soft: [j], [sch], [h] - always soft; [t'], [d'], [n'], [b'], [c'], [g'], [s'], [p'], etc.;

hard: [w], [zh], [ts] - always hard; [t], [d], [n], [b], [c], [g], [s], [r], etc.

4. According to the position of the soft palate (place of resonance), consonant sounds are divided into:

• nasal consonants {the soft palate is lowered, air passes through the nose}: [m] [m] [n] [n];
• oral consonants {soft palate raised}: all other consonants.

According to acoustic characteristics there are:

To identify and distinguish speech sounds, they rely not only on their articulatory, but also on acoustic features. Without relying on these signs, it is impossible to carry out work on contrasting sounds by ear, which is necessary for children to successfully master correct sound pronunciation.

5. The presence or absence of vibration of the vocal cords Sonorant (sonorous) - their quality is determined by the nature of the sound of the voice, which plays a major role in their formation, and noise participates to a minimal extent: consonants m, m', n, n', l, l', p, p', j.

Noisy - their quality is determined by the nature of the noise - the acoustic effect of air friction when the speech organs are close together or an explosion when they are closed:

voiced voiceless

• voiced noisy continuous v, v', z, z', w;
• voiced noisy instantaneous b, b', d, d', d, d';
• dull noisy continuous f, f', s, s', w, x, x';
• dull noisy instantaneous p, p', t, t', k, k'.

Based on the acoustic impression produced by sounds, the following subgroups of sounds are distinguished: whistling sounds s, s', z, z', z; hissing w, w, h, shch; solid p, v, w, g, c, etc.; soft p', v', h, shch, etc.

Classification according to articulation characteristics

In the Russian language, there are 42 sounds or phonemes (from the Greek phonema - the sound of speech): 6 of them are vowels and 36 are consonants. The main criterion for this division is the presence or absence of an obstacle in the oral cavity when pronouncing sounds.

The soft palate can be in two positions. In one case, it rises and the back part, together with a small tongue, is pressed against the back and side walls of the pharynx, closing the passage into the nasal cavity, as a result of which the outgoing air stream is directed into the oral cavity and oral sounds are formed. In another case, the soft palate is lowered and opens the passage for an escaping air stream into the nasal cavity, as a result of which nasal sounds are formed.

Classification of vowel sounds

The vowel sounds “A”, “E”, “I”, “Y”, “O”, “U” are speech sounds consisting only of the voice, during the pronunciation of which the stream of air exhaled from the lungs does not encounter any obstacles on its way.

Vowel sounds are distinguished by their participation or non-participation in the articulation of the lips, as well as by the degree and location of tongue elevation.

By participation in lip articulation:

In the articulation of labialized vowels, in addition to the tongue, the lips take an active part, which, when pronouncing the sounds “O” and “U”, move forward and are rounded. When pronouncing non-labialized vowels, the lips are either in a neutral position (“A”, “Y”) or in a smiling position (“E”, “I”).

According to the degree of elevation of the tongue to the palate:

Although when pronouncing vowel sounds in the oral cavity there are no barriers to the outgoing air stream, the lower jaw drops differently and the tongue changes its position, so the shape of the oral cavity also changes. The tongue can be low (inferior elevation), in the midline (middle elevation), or raised high to the roof of the mouth (superior elevation). The sonority of vowels depends on the degree of mouth opening and tongue elevation.

At the point where the tongue rises:

When vowel sounds are formed, not the entire tongue rises to the hard palate, but its individual parts (front, middle and back), thereby changing the volume and shape of the oral cavity.

Vowel sounds classification table

Classification of consonants

Consonant sounds “B”, “B”, “V”, “V”, “G”, “G”, “D”, “D”, “Zh”, “Z”, “Z”, “Y”, “К”, “Кь”, “Л”, “Ль”, “М”, “Мь”, “Н”, “Нь”, “П”, “Пь”, “Р”, “Рь”, “С” "", "Сь", "Т", "Ть", "Ф", "Фь", "Х", "Хь", "Ц", "Ч", "Ш", "Ш" are speech sounds , consisting either of noise alone, or noise and a voice, during the pronunciation of which a stream of air exhaled from the lungs encounters obstacles on its way.

Consonant sounds are distinguished by the work of the vocal cords, by the method and place of formation, as well as by the degree of tension in the middle part of the tongue.

Based on the presence or absence of vibration of the vocal folds:

The vocal folds can occupy two positions: open (the air stream passes through them freely and a voice is not formed - voiceless consonants) or closed (the air stream passing through them causes them to vibrate, and a voice is formed - sonorant and voiced consonants). Most sounds of the Russian language are pronounced with the participation of the voice.

By method of education

The largest number of consonant sounds in the Russian language according to the method of formation are fricative, in which the movable organs of the articulatory apparatus, approaching the stationary ones, form a gap.

Along the rise of the middle part of the tongue to the palate

In the Russian language, consonants are mostly paired in hardness and softness, for example, “L” and “L”, but there are also unpaired sounds: only hard ones - “Sh”, “Zh”, “Ts”, only soft ones - “Ch”, "Sh", "Y".

Consonant sound classification table

Consonant sounds based on the participation of voice and noise

Based on the participation of voice and noise, all consonants are divided into sonorant and noisy.

Sonorant consonants are those in which the voice and slight noise are involved in their formation. When these consonants are formed, the glottis is narrowed, the vocal cords are tense and vibrate under the influence of exhaled air. Sonorants in the Russian literary language include: [р], [л], [м], [н] and [р'], [л'], [м'], [н'], [й].

Noisy consonants are those in the formation of which noise predominates over voice. From this point of view, they are divided into voiced noisy sounds, the formation of which is characterized by noise accompanied by voice, and voiceless noisy sounds, which are formed only by noise (the pronunciation of voiceless noisy sounds is determined by the fact that the glottis is open and the vocal cords are not tense and do not vibrate).

Where is the consonant sound formed?

The voiced noisy sounds of the Russian literary language are [b], [b'], [v] and [v'], [d] and [d'], [z] and [z'], [zh], [g] , [g'] (pity, doctor, dawn, nail, storm).

Voiceless noisy ones - [p] and [p'], [f] and [f'], [t] and [t'], [s], [s'], [sh], [sh'], [ts ], [h '], [k], [k '], [x], [x'] (cap, folklore, secret, whisper, noise, buckwheat, quote, store, chic).

Consonants by place of noise production

According to the place of noise formation, all consonants are divided into labial and lingual, since their formation involves two active organs of speech - lips and tongue: the lower lip plays an active role in the formation of labial consonants, and the tongue plays an active role in the formation of lingual consonants. The active organs of speech act (articulate) in relation to the passive ones - the upper lip, alveoli, teeth, hard palate.

Labial and lingual consonants are divided into a number of smaller groups depending on which passive organs the active ones act on.

Labial consonants are divided into labiolabial and labiodental.

Labiolabial consonants are formed by closing the lower lip with the upper lip. These include: [p], [p'], [b], [b'], [m], [m'].

Labiodental consonants are formed by bringing the lower lip closer to the upper teeth. These include: [f], [f'], [v], [v'].

Lingual consonants are divided into anterior, middle and posterior lingual, depending on which part of the tongue - anterior, middle or posterior - plays an active role in the formation of sound.

Front-lingual consonants are divided into two groups: dental and palatodental.

Paired consonants

When forming dental consonants, the front part of the tongue closes or approaches the upper teeth. These include: [t], [t'], [d], [d'], [s], [s'], [z], [z'], [ts], [n], [n '], [l], [l']. When forming palatodental consonants, the front part of the tongue rises to the front part of the palate and there an obstruction is created in the area of ​​the alveoli. These include: [w], [w], [w'], [w'], [h'], [p], [p'].

the middle lingual , and according to the passive organ the middle palatal , in the Russian language. When it is formed, the middle part of the tongue rises to the middle palate. Rear-lingual , and by the passive organ velar , the sounds [k], [g], [x], [k'], [g'], [x'] are formed by closure ([k, g]) or approach ([x] ) the back of the tongue with a fixed posterior palate.

Phoneme system of the Russian language speech therapy

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Abstract: The articulatory apparatus and the voice-forming apparatus - the vocal folds - take the main part in the formation of sounds.

Article:

The articulatory apparatus (active organs of which are the tongue, lips, lower jaw, soft palate; passive organs - teeth, upper jaw, hard palate) and the voice-forming apparatus - vocal folds - take the main part in the formation of sounds.

Classification of sounds according to the absence or presence of an obstruction in the oral cavity:

vowels – [a], [e], [i], [s], [o], [u];

consonants - all the rest.

Classification of sounds according to their participation in the articulation of the soft palate:

oral - all the rest.

Classification of sounds according to the functioning of the vocal folds:

vowels – [a], [e], [i], [s], [o], [u];

Classification of consonant sounds according to the method of formation:

stop plosives – [p], [p'], [b], [b'], [t], [t'], [d], [d'], [k], [k'], [ g], [g'];

occlusive passages – [m], [m'], [n], [n'], [l], [l'];

fricatives (fricatives) – [f], [f'], [v], [v'], [s], [s'], [z], [z'], [w], [zh], [ ь], [th], [x], [x'];

occlusive fricatives (affricates) – [ts], [h];

trembling (vibrants) – [р], [р'].

Classification of consonant sounds by place of formation:

labiolabial – [p], [p'], [b], [b'], [m], [m'];

labiodental – [f], [f'], [v], [v'];

anterior lingual: tip of the tongue at the top – [t], [d], [n], [l], [l'], [r], [r'], [w], [w], [sch], [h ]; tip of the tongue below – [t'], [d'], [n'], [s], [s'], [z], [z'], [c];

back-lingual – [k], [k'], [g], [g'], [x], [x'].

Classification of consonant sounds according to the degree of tension in the middle part of the back of the tongue:

solid – [w], [g], [c], [t], [d], [n], [b], [c], [g], [s], [r], etc.

Classification of vowel sounds according to the degree of elevation of the tongue in the oral cavity:

upper rise – [i], [s], [y];

average rise – [e], [o];

Classification of vowel sounds according to their participation in the articulation of different parts of the tongue:

front vowels – [i], [e];

middle vowels – [s], [a];

back vowels – [u], [o].

Classification of vowel sounds taking into account labialization:

labialized – [o], [y];

non-labialized – [i], [e], [s], [a].

Thus, it is clear that all sounds of the Russian language are interconnected and interdependent. A speech therapist must have a good knowledge of the phonetic system of the native language in order to decide in each individual case where to start and what to rely on when working to form or clarify the pronunciation of any sound.

Source

Phoneme system of the Russian language speech therapy

The Russian literary language has 5 vowels and 37 consonant phonemes.

Vowels differ in the degree of tongue elevation and the presence or absence of labialization (rounding) (Table 1).

Table 1 System of vowel phonemes

Both sonorant and noisy consonants differ in the place of formation (depending on which organs are involved in articulation) and in the method of formation (Table 2).

Table 2 System of consonant phonemes

Consonants are also divided into hard and soft, voiceless and voiced.

Note. If in all possible word forms containing any morph, one or another phoneme within this morph remains in a weak position, then such a sound unit (vowel or consonant) is a hyperphoneme . For example, in the word dog, the first vowel phoneme, represented phonetically only by the sound [l], is a hyperphoneme, appearing in the position of non-distinction of vowel phonemes |o| and |a|; in the word second, the first consonant phoneme, phonetically |f|, is a hyperphoneme located in the position of non-distinction of the consonant phonemes |f|, |f'|, |v| and |in'|.

The most important positional (phonetically determined) realizations of phonemes.

Table 3 Positional realizations of vowel phonemes

Thus, in all unstressed positions (except for the position of the first pre-stressed syllable after |ж|, |ш|) the vowels |о| and |a| do not differ. This phenomenon is called akanism.

Note. In the word god, the consonant |g| stunned in [x]: bo[x].

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Knowledge of sound profiles is a necessary condition in the work of a speech therapist teacher. In order to teach how to speak correctly and beautifully, first, you need to know the position of the organs of articulation. Profiles.

Classification of sounds of the Russian language.

Classification of sounds of the Russian language, taking into account the anatomical and physiological features of their formation. The articulatory apparatus (active organs) takes the main part in the formation of sounds.

The main part in the formation of sounds is the articulatory apparatus (the active organs of which are the tongue, lips, lower jaw, soft palate; the passive organs are the teeth, the upper jaw.

Source

Other characteristics of consonants

All consonant sounds are divided into three categories - sonorant (they are also called nasal - it’s clearer how they are pronounced), noisy (formed by bringing the organs of pronunciation closer together) and hissing (pronounced through the interdental gap). Consonant sounds are divided as follows:

• Sonorants , there are nine of them: [y'], [l], [l'], [m], [m'], [n], [n'], [r], [r'].
• Noisy , there are twenty-seven of them: [k], [k'], [p], [p'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [f], [f'] , [x], [x'], [ts], [h'], [w], [sch'], [b], [b'], [v], [v'], [g], [g'], [d], [d'], [g], [z], [z'].
• Hissing , there are four of them: [zh], [h'], [w], [sh'].

Consonant sounds can consist of only the voice, only noise, or noise and a voice added to it.