“Sound [f]. Letter "w". Speech therapy lesson notes.

Train cars are designated by combinations of numbers and letters, for example, 1A or 2K. Thus, when purchasing a ticket, it is clear in which class of carriage seats are available. For example, reserved seat carriages are designated by the number 3, and seats by the letter C.

The range of amenities and services depends on the type of carriage. In this article we will describe in detail what services are available in various carriages. A handy table is provided at the end.

Details may vary among carriers, but in general the principles are the same. Most Russian trains are formed by the transport department, so the basic standards are taken from it.

Services in different types of wagons

Classes of service and services in seated carriages

In seated carriages, each passenger has a separate seat, for which a ticket is purchased. The layout of the cars may differ: seated cars include both Sapsan and Swift trains, as well as trains that run around the region or between neighboring cities.

1C, 2C, 3C

These types of cars are found on various trains, and each has its own nuances. What is included in the range of services depends on the specific train. Typically, 1st and 2nd class carriages are equipped with air conditioning, but 3rd class carriages do not have air conditioning.

In Sapsan 1C there is a business class carriage. Each passenger has a chair, a table, and a closet for things. Sockets are installed next to each block of seats so that you can connect a laptop or charge your phone. Passengers can purchase the latest newspapers or choose a hot meal from the menu.

There are 2C cars in Sapsan and Strizh. These are second class carriages, which means tickets there are cheaper. Sapsan passengers have access to clothes hangers and space for luggage. There are places next to the table and without it.

1Р

This is usually how seats in a compartment in a seated carriage of a double-decker train are designated. The ticket price most often includes food, newspapers and a hygiene kit.

1B

This is a carriage with individual seating, that is, when you buy a ticket, you buy all the seats. The ticket price includes food, newspapers and a kit with a toothbrush, toothpaste and napkins.

2P

This is how seats in a luxury carriage are designated. Cold snacks are included in the ticket price.

2V, 2Zh

Regular seating. Such carriages have fewer amenities, for example, they may not have air conditioning, and the ticket price does not include any additional services such as meals or hygiene kit. However, animals are allowed to be transported in these carriages.

2E

Ordinary seated carriage. There is air conditioning, but there may not be a dry closet.

V.Zh.

Real name: Gradovsky Alexander Dmitrievich Periodicals:

• Voice, 1878, No. 205, 212, 221, 225; 1879, No. 206, 239; 1880, No. 253, 316; 1881, no. 11; 1882, no. 192.

Sources:

• Masanov I.F. Dictionary of pseudonyms of Russian writers, scientists and public figures: In 4 volumes - T. 1. - M., 1956. - P. 190; • Words. St. Petersburg un., I, 215 (Source Masanov)

Pseudonym:
V. Zh.
Real name:

Gervais Viktor Vsevolodovich

Works:

• V. Zh. Dedenev, M. A.; Dubelt, N. L. // RBS. —

Sources:

• Masanov I.F. Dictionary of pseudonyms of Russian writers, scientists and public figures: In 4 volumes - T. 1. - M., 1956. - P. 190

Pseudonym:
V. Zh.
Real name:

Zhmakin Vasily Ivanovich

Periodicals:

• Ancient and New Russia, 1881, No. 1; • Russian Antiquity, 1888, No. 1

Sources:

• Masanov I.F. Dictionary of pseudonyms of Russian writers, scientists and public figures: In 4 volumes - T. 1. - M., 1956. - P. 190; • Decree. to "Ancient" and Nov. Ros." (Source Masanova)

Pseudonym:
V. Zh.
Real name:

Zhukov Viktor Vasilievich

Periodicals:

• Lantern, 1905; • Free Laughter, 1905-06; • Parsley: Sat. (SPb.), 1905

Sources:

• Masanov I.F. Dictionary of pseudonyms of Russian writers, scientists and public figures: In 4 volumes - T. 1. - M., 1956. - P. 190

Pseudonym:
V. Zh.
Real name:

Zhukov Vladimir Illarionovich

Periodicals:

• Krymsky Vestnik

Sources:

• Masanov I.F. Dictionary of pseudonyms of Russian writers, scientists and public figures: In 4 volumes - T. 1. - M., 1956. - P. 190; • Vengerov Archive (Source Masanov)

Pseudonym:
V. Zh.
Real name:

Zhukovsky V.

Persons associated with this name:

• Zhukovsky V. A.

Works:

• V. Zh. Six views of Pavlovsk, copied from life by V. Zh…. - St. Petersburg, 1824. - SAC RNL: no, yes: Strokh P. Guide to the garden and city of Pavlovsk..., with 12 views drawn from life by V. A. Zhukovsky, and a plan. St. Petersburg, 1843

Sources:

• Masanov I.F. Dictionary of pseudonyms of Russian writers, scientists and public figures: In 4 volumes - T. 1. - M., 1956. - P. 190; • RNB. General alphabetical catalog

Pseudonym:
V. Zh.
Real name:

Zhukovsky Valentin Alekseevich

Periodicals:

• Notes of the Eastern Department of the Russian Archaeological Society, 1890

Sources:

• Masanov I.F. Dictionary of pseudonyms of Russian writers, scientists and public figures: In 4 volumes - T. 1. - M., 1956. - P. 190

Pseudonym:
V. Zh.
Real name:

Zhukovsky Vasily Andreevich

Periodicals:

• Bulletin of Europe, 1803-13; • Nevsky Spectator, 1820-21

Works:

• Kotzebue A.F. Boy by the Stream, or Constant Love: A Tale / Transl. V. Zh.. - M., 1801; 1819. - Add. according to the State Accreditation Committee of the Russian National Library: in the description pseudo. not specified, translator disclosed in […]; • Byron J. G. Prisoner of Chillon. Poem of Lord Beyron / Trans. from English V. Zh.. - St. Petersburg, 1822. - Revised. according to the State Accountability Committee of the Russian National Library

Sources:

• Masanov I.F. Dictionary of pseudonyms of Russian writers, scientists and public figures: In 4 volumes - T. 1. - M., 1956. - P. 190; • Ponomarev, 283 (Source Masanov); • Catal. St. Petersburg un., II, 34, 41 (Source Masanov); • RNB. General alphabetical catalog

Pseudonym:
V. Zh.
Real name:

Maslov—Stokoz Vasily Pavlovich

Periodicals:

• Progress (New York), 1891-94

Sources:

• Masanov I.F. Dictionary of pseudonyms of Russian writers, scientists and public figures: In 4 volumes - T. 1. - M., 1956. - P. 190; • see “Bug., “You.” (Source Masanova)

Pseudonym:
V. Zh.
Real name:

Soldatov Vasily Vasilievich

Sources:

• Masanov I.F. Dictionary of pseudonyms of Russian writers, scientists and public figures: In 4 volumes - T. 1. - M., 1956. - P. 190; • Vengerov Archive (Source Masanov)

Classes of service and reserved seat services

Cars of this type are usually designated by the number 3, as third class. In reserved seat carriages, passengers have access to lying areas. A standard carriage has 52 or 54 shelves.

3D

This carriage has air conditioning, and the availability of a dry closet depends on the carrier. Animals can be transported.

3L

There will definitely be no air conditioning or dry closet in these carriages. Animals cannot be transported.

3T

The carriage has air conditioning, the presence of a dry closet depends on the carrier - it may not be there. Animals cannot be transported.

3U

As a rule, there is no air conditioning or dry closet. Animals can be transported.

If the carriage belongs to the carrier ZAO TKS, then the carriage is equipped with air conditioning and dry closets, and passengers are provided with an amenity kit. There are sockets in each compartment.

3E

These carriages have both air conditioning and a dry closet. Animals cannot be transported.

Basic principles of transliteration

The phonetics of the English language is in general similar to the phonetics of the Russian language. And in most cases, there are no problems with transliteration, because approximately half of Russian letters are transferred into English quite easily and without variations. For example , Bb - Bb, Pp - Pp, Ff - Ff . But there are also differences, because many Russian sounds, such as “Ch-Shch”, “Zh-Sh”, etc., have no analogues in the English alphabet. And this is not surprising, because the English alphabet consists of 26 letters, and the Russian one - of 33. Unfortunately, it should be noted that there is no single transliteration system; there are different opinions and disagreements on this issue.

At the moment, there are several GOSTs (for example, GOST 7.79-2000, GOST R 52535.1-2006) and even two ISO standards (ISO 9:1995, ISO/R 9-1968), which are used when filling out various international forms, questionnaires, documentation (foreign passport, driver’s license, etc.) and are used for transliteration of the Russian alphabet. What is noteworthy is that the use of a certain system is prescribed by the organization that carries out the transliteration.

So, how to write the letter “F” in English .

According to GOST 7.79-2000 (functioning in the Russian Federation since 2002), the letter “Zh” in Latin can be written in two ways:

1. with diacritic symbol - ž.
2. by connecting Latin letters - ZH, zh.

According to GOST R 52535.1-2006, the letter “Zh” is also written in Latin letters - ZH, zh.

Classes of service and services in the compartment

In compartment cars, passengers are provided with closed compartments, each with 4 shelves. Typically, such carriages have from 32 to 40 seats. They are standardly marked with the number 2, that is, second class. The ticket price always includes bed linen, but in 2D carriages you can refuse it when purchasing (you need to uncheck the automatically checked box).

2E

Luxury carriages with air conditioning. There is not always a dry toilet. The ticket price includes food, newspapers and a hygiene kit. Pets can be transported.

2B

Luxury carriages with air conditioning. There is not always a dry toilet. The ticket price includes food, newspapers and a hygiene kit. Pets can be transported.

2K

The carriage has air conditioning and a dry closet. Additional services are not included in the ticket price. Animals can be transported.

2U

The carriage has air conditioning, but there may not be a dry closet (depending on the carrier). Additional services are paid. Animals can be transported.

2L

Availability of air conditioning and dry closet depends on the carrier. All additional services are paid. Animals can be transported.

2D

Availability of air conditioning and dry closet is not guaranteed. Additional services are not included in the ticket price. Animals cannot be transported.

2T

The carriages have a high level of comfort: there is a dry toilet and air conditioning, passengers are offered breakfast or dinner, a hygiene kit, slippers, and newspapers. Children are given gifts. The compartment has a TV, individual sockets and a safe. Animals cannot be transported.

How to write the letter z in English

The phonetics of the English and Russian languages, similar in general features, differ in particulars. Some Russian sounds have no analogue in the English alphabet, and vice versa. One brilliant example is the sound “zh”, for which in English until recently there was only a vaguely similar pronunciation “g”. Now the sound “zh” is indicated in English by a special digraph.

Instructions

1. The sound “zh” is in some cases indicated by the letter “g”. In this case, after the consonant, vowels from the list must follow: “i”, “e”, “y”. In such cases, the letter will be read as a soft “j”. 2. The sound of the letter “j” is read in a similar way, but it is not actually used to record a specific sound. Its area of ​​use is words borrowed from Latin (it is absent in Old Saxon). 3. The digraph “zh” fully corresponds to the Russian sound “zh” and is used extraordinarily in borrowed words: Zhukovsky, Zhenya, Zheleznogorsk.

Today, quite often you may need to know how to write your name positively in English. For example, it can be useful when filling out various documents, questionnaires or forms. In order to write your name correctly, you must know a number of the following rules.

Instructions

1. It is generally impossible to convey soft and strong signs in the English language: Daria Volnova - Darya Volnova Igor Solnikov - Igor Solnikov Olga Sobol - Olga Sobol In order to convey the Russian letters Y and Y, the English Y is used: Alexey Lyskov - Aleksey LyskovAndrey Mayorov - Andrey MayorovNikolai Malyshev - Nikolay MalyshevInstead of the endings І and И, one English letter Y is used: Dmitry Cherny - Dmitry Cherny Anatoly Moskovsky - Anatoly Moskovsky Yuri Podvolsky - Yury Podvolsky 2. The vowels E, Ё and E should be translated with the letter E: Nadezhda Belaya - Vera BelayaEduard Lebedev - Eduard Lebedev Semina - SeminaIf the letter E contains two sounds [YE], then it is transmitted as YE: Efim Astafiev - Yefim Astafyev When the letter E sounds like [YO] it is translated as - YO: Peter Parfenov - Pyotr Parfenov The Russian letter Yu corresponds to the English - YU: Yuri - YuryYuliya - YuliyaThe letter I reproduced as YA: Yakov - Yakov Tatyana Yablunovskaya - Tatyana Yablunovskaya 3. For the consonant Z, the combination ZH is used: Zhirinovsky - Zhirinovsky Rozhkova - Rozhkova The Russian letter X is translated as KH: Mikhail Khorin - Mikhail Khorin Khoriton Plokhoshev - Khoriton Plokhoshev The letter C in English is rendered as TS: Tsokin - Tso kinTsarev – TsarevFor the Russian letter CH, the combination CH is used: Chokin – ChokinChornyshev – ChornyshevThe letter Ш is transmitted as SH: Shirov – ShirovKamyshev – KamyshevRussian Ш is translated as SHCH: Shchuplin – ShchuplinShcherbakov – Shchbakov

The need to write Russian words using the letters of the English alphabet appears quite rarely on the Internet for the reason that there are a huge number of services on the Internet that make it possible to use Cyrillic letters, even if you do not have a Russian keyboard layout. But it is still possible to imagine specific cases when it is necessary to write in “transliteration” - this is what is commonly called a text in which Russian letters are replaced by their English equivalents.

Instructions

1. Use any online service for mechanical translation of the text you entered into transliteration. This is the easiest method to write Russian words in English letters. For example, if you use the https://translit.ru service, then after going to the main page you can immediately start typing the necessary text. Once you have finished entering text, a word or a phrase, it will be enough to click the button labeled “To transliterate”, so that everything typed in Russian letters will be converted into the same thing, but with letters of the English alphabet. If you are not likely to type Russian text on the keyboard, then you can click the necessary letters with the mouse located on this page of the site above the input field. Here you can choose the direction of transliteration and not only from these 2 alphabets (Russian and English). There is also an interface option specifically designed to work on mobile devices running the Symbian and Windows Mobile operating systems. 2. Use tables of correspondence between letters of the Russian alphabet and English letters and combinations as a reference if you want to immediately write words in transliteration without further translation. There are several such tables, and you can also find them on the Internet. Let's say, use the official wording of the corresponding GOST with the name “Rules for transliteration of the Cyrillic letter in the Latin alphabet.” The truth is not invariably and not everyone uses the correspondence tables specified in GOST, when ease of use is important, and not compliance with standards. You can use other tables, say, located on the Lingvotek website. 3. Use resident programs with transliteration functions if you want to translate text into transliteration without an Internet connection. Let's say the Punto Switcher program, mainly prepared for mechanical switching between Russian and English keyboard layouts, has such an option. In order to translate the words of a Russian text into transliteration with its support, simply select the required fragment in any editor and press the ALT + Scroll Lock key combination.

When filling out various forms, questionnaires and documents in English, it is important to write your last name . In order to avoid mistakes when writing a Russian surname in Latin, you need to know the rules of transliteration.

You will need

• - pen;
• - paper

Instructions

1. Transmitting most Russian letters in Latin does not cause any difficulties. Let's say, instead of the Russian letter A, A is easily written in Latin, instead of B - B, instead of C - S. However, in the Russian alphabet there are letters that are not so easy to convey in Latin. The letter E is rendered in Latin as YE in the following cases: if it is at the beginning of a word, after vowels and after soft and hard signs. In all other cases, it is written E. The letter E is traditionally rendered as E (say, Zvonareva), but if you need to emphasize the sound of the letter E, then they write YO (Fyodor). 2. The Russian letter Zh in English is written as ZH (Rozhkina). The letters Y and Y are transmitted identically - by the letter Y. And if there is a combination of the letters Y and Y (Dmitry), use one letter Y (Dmitry). 3. The letter X is designated by the combination KH (Khariton). The letter C in English writing becomes two letters TS (Tsvetkov – Tsvetkov). The letter CH corresponds to the combination CH (Cherin), and the letter Ш corresponds to the combination SH (Kashin). 4. To convey the Russian letter Ш, four letters of the Latin alphabet are required - SHCH (Shchakov - Shchakov). The soft sign, like the strong sign, is not conveyed at all when writing Russian surnames in English. 5. The letter E, like the letter E, is represented by the Latin letter E (Etkin). The Russian letter Yu, in its sound, consists of Y and U and is rendered in Latin letters as YU (Yuri – Yury). The situation is similar with the letter Y, which consists of the sounds Y and A and is written in English as Ya (Yuliya). Note! The combination of Russian letters KS is expressed in Latin letters KS, not X. Useful advice In accordance with the described transliteration rules, not only Russian names and surnames are written in English, but also geographical names and all other personal names.

In order to write an English word in Russian letters, you do not need to reinvent the wheel by combining unusual combinations of letters and numbers. It’s enough to learn a few rules of reading in English, and even better to get an idea of ​​the phonetic notation of sounds.

Instructions

1. Master the rules of reading. Not all letter combinations in English sound the way they are written. It is necessary to consider the length and shortness of vowels, the location of consonant sounds and the rules for combining sounds. So, say, the word “photo” (photography) is written as “photo”, not “photo”. “Tower” sounds like “tower”, not “tower”. In order not to make a mistake, it is better to write out all the letter combinations in a column and learn them. Information about this is in any school English textbook. This is not difficult and will help you avoid mistakes when writing English words in Russian letters. 2. Understand special symbols. To write English words in Russian letters even more correctly, you need to get an idea of ​​English phonetics, or rather, of the special symbols of phonetic notation. The phonetic notation of words can be found in special dictionaries, including on the Internet (say, on Yandex dictionaries). Let's look at an example. The word “funny” is written phonetically as ['f?ni]. The prime before the sound [f] indicates that the stress falls on the 1st syllable. And the sign [?] means that the letter “u” is in a closed syllable and sounds like a short Russian sound . “Y” at the end of a word, designated phonetically as , here sounds like a short Russian sound [and].
It turns out that the transcription allows us to write funny not as “funny” or even “funnu” (many people confuse Y with the Russian U due to the visual similarity), but as “fanny”. 3. The phonetics of every language is unique. Sometimes the sounds coincide, and sometimes beginners struggle with pronunciation for a long time, because there are no such sounds in their language. So, say, the combination “th” has two analogues in Russian: the more correct [v] and the false sound [z]. So “this” is written as “vis” or “zis”, although in fact in Russian this “lisping”, toothy sound does not exist. The situation is the same with the letter “W”, which is turned into the sound [v]. Many Russians pronounce Milky Way “milky way”, not “milky way”. Therefore, it is necessary to understand that in some cases variability is acceptable. It is unthinkable to “convert” one alphabet to another with 100% accuracy. Note! In the English language there are monophthongs (the sound sounds the way it is written), diphthongoids (these are sounds whose quality is not uniform at the beginning and end of pronunciation), digraphs (stable combinations of 2 letters that are pronounced as one sound) and diphthongs and even triphthongs ( difficult vowel sounds, which consist of 2 and 3 elements forming one syllable). The designation of a calendar date in different countries differs not only in the language in which the name of the month is written, but also in the format adopted in that country - that is, the order in which the day, month and year are indicated, as well as the characters used as separators between them. In addition, there are different established forms of writing dates used in official documents, fiction, individual correspondence, etc. in a specific country or group of countries.

Instructions

1. Enter the month first, then the day, then the year, if you need to write the calendar date in English in the format accepted in North America (USA and Canada). In this case, separate the month from the day with a space, and place a comma before the year number. For example, the date October 4, 2011 in this format should be indicated as October 4, 2011. A period after the year number, as usual, is not placed. It is also allowed to indicate the ending of ordinal numbers in the day number: October 4th, 2011. Prepositions and the definite article are used only in official documents. It is allowed to reduce the names of the month to the first 3 letters (for example, write Jan instead of January). The exceptions are September, which is traditionally abbreviated to four letters Sept, and August, which is denoted by both the abbreviations Aug and Ag. 2. Use the sequence day - month - year when indicating the date in English in the classical British version adopted in Europe. The remaining rules do not differ from the North American standard described in the previous step. Let's say: 4th October, 2011 or 4 Oct, 2011. 3. Do not forget about the correct spelling of the endings of ordinal numbers - numbers ending in one have the ending st (say - 1st, 41st), two corresponds to the ending nd (2nd, 42nd), three – rd (3rd, 43rd), and each other – th (4th, 44th). 4. Separate the month, day and year numbers with dots or forward slashes when writing dates in numeric format. Let's say: 04/10/2011 or 04/10/2011. There is the same difference between the North American and European formats - the same date in the European version will look like this: 10/4/2011 or 11/4/2011.

True friendship is not afraid of distance or intercultural differences. Friendships can develop between people from different countries, and friends will use the same language in communication, which is clearly understandable to both of them.

Instructions

1. Before you start writing a letter, make sure you have a friend’s email or postal address. If you are just learning English and are not entirely confident in your knowledge, use grammar books and dictionaries. Try not to use difficult grammatical structures, write briefly and clearly. 2. Start your letter by greeting your friend. It is allowed to use the options “Dear”, “Darling” (both options mean “precious”, “dear”), adding the name of the interlocutor to this expression. Informal communication allows for primitive greetings addressed by name, say “Hi, Marco” or “Hello, John.” You can address your friend the way you are used to when meeting in real life. 3. Next, start the text of the letter on a new line. If this is your first letter after live communication, ask how your friend is doing, say “How are you?”, “Did something happen?” Tell us why you decided to write a letter (let’s say, you wanted to share your feelings from the trip, personal tasks, send photos, etc.). If you are late with the result, apologize (say, “Sorry for late reply”). Politeness will not be superfluous even in friendly correspondence. 4. Write about your life, tell us about what worries you, what has changed since your last meeting. Be diligent in your letter to touch on general topics that concern both of you (say, hobbies and passions). 5. You can end the letter with standard phrases, say “Your very sincere friend,” “Yours faithfully,” or “Best wishes.” In more intimate relationships, you can write “Lots of kisses.” Don’t forget to sign your name at the end of the letter, using transliteration or names similar to yours in English (for example, Elena - Helen, Alexander - Alexander, etc.). Video on the topic

You will need

• – 1 kg chicken breast;
• – 5 onions;
• – 4-5 tomatoes;
• – salt, pepper and mayonnaise.

Instructions

1. First, you need to cut the onion into small slices, fry it until golden brown, add chopped tomatoes, mix, add salt and simmer for 10 minutes. 2. Boil the chicken breast. To do this, you need to bring the water to a boil, then salt it and put the breast in it. It cooks 15-20 minutes after boiling. 3. Later, you need to cool the boiled breast and cut it into small slices. Add it to the onions and tomatoes and continue to simmer for 5-7 minutes. 4. While the dish is stewing, take out 150-200 g of mayonnaise. In a separate bowl, put mayonnaise, pepper, and a little salt. Mix everything and add to the chicken, simmer again for 5-7 minutes. 5. After cooking, the dish should steep a little, then its taste will be more intense. Chicken in English is served as a side dish with mashed potatoes. Bon appetit! Video on the topic Video on the topic

Classes of service and services in SV

SV or Lux cars are distinguished by a higher level of comfort: there are only two seats in the compartment, soft shelves for lying on. The carriage has from 16 to 20 seats. The carriage always has air conditioning. The number 1 means that these are first class carriages.

1B

Business Class. You need to buy the entire compartment, it contains one adult passenger. You can bring small pets with you. The ticket price includes drinks, food, newspapers, and hygiene kit.

1E

The conditions are similar to carriages 1B, but you don’t have to buy a whole compartment, but buy one seat.

1U

The level of comfort corresponds to first class, but additional services are not included in the ticket (you must pay for them separately). Animals can be transported.