DICTIONARY OF Speech Therapy TERMS

ABILITATION - the initial formation of the ability to do something (habilis - to be capable of something). The term is applied primarily to young children with developmental disabilities, as opposed to rehabilitation

- restoration of the ability to do something lost as a result of illness, injury, etc.

AUTOMATISM - performing actions without regulating them by consciousness. The physiological basis of A. are conditioned (dynamic stereotype) and unconditioned reflexes. A. actions underlie the formation of habits and skills.

SOUND AUTOMATION is one of the stages in correcting incorrect sound pronunciation and follows after setting a new sound. From the point of view of higher nervous activity, A. 3. is the introduction of a newly created and consolidated relatively simple connection - speech sound - into more complex sequential speech structures - words and phrases, into independent speech. A. 3. is achieved with the help of special speech exercises.

AGNOSIA is a disorder of the function of gnosis or object perception. A. are distinguished:

1) visual, expressed in disruption of the process of recognizing objects and their images while maintaining sufficient visual acuity;

2) tactile, manifested in the form of disorders in recognizing objects by touch (asteriognosia), disturbances in recognizing one’s own body or ideas about the structure of the body (so-matoagnosia);

3) auditory, expressed in impaired phonemic hearing, i.e. the ability to distinguish speech sounds, which leads to its disorder, or impaired ability to recognize familiar melodies, sounds, noises (while maintaining elementary forms of hearing).

AGRAMMATISM is a general violation of the grammatical structure of speech, manifested in the inability to use grammar correctly.

Dictionary of speech therapy terms

correctly changing words and constructing sentences (expressive A.), as well as misunderstanding the meaning of grammatical forms (impressive A.). With A., there is omission of prepositions, incorrect agreement of words in gender, number, case, “telegraphic style”, etc.

ACTIVE DICTIONARY - words that a speaker of a given language not only understands, but also uses and actively uses.

ACOUSTIC - auditory.

ALALIA is the absence or underdevelopment of speech in children with normal hearing and initially intact intelligence, caused by damage or underdevelopment of the speech areas of the cerebral hemispheres due to birth injuries, brain diseases or injuries suffered by the child in the pre-speech period. A. is divided into motor (violation of the expressive side of speech) and sensory (underdevelopment of speech understanding).

ALVEOLAR CONSONANTS - anterior lingual sounds produced by pressing the tip of the tongue against the alveoli (tubercles) at the roots of the upper teeth.

AMBIDIXTRY - the ability to use the right and left hands equally.

AMYMYA is the absence or weakening of the expressiveness of the facial muscles due to paresis, paralysis and coordination disorders of facial muscles in various diseases of the central nervous system, as well as paresis of the facial nerve.

AMNESIA is a memory disorder in which a person cannot reproduce ideas and concepts formed in the past. There are two main forms of A.:

1) retrograde A. manifests itself in the form of memory impairment for events preceding the disease (trauma), when events that occurred within several hours, days, and sometimes years before the disease are forgotten;

2) anterograde A. - impaired memory for events that occurred after the onset of the disease; may cover events and periods of varying duration.

ANALYZERS are complex nervous mechanisms that provide the finest analysis of stimuli perceived

organism of higher animals and humans from the external and internal environment. Each analyzer consists of:

1) perceptive irritation of the receptor device;

2) conduction pathways (afferent),

through which the excitation that arises in the receptor is transmitted to the overlying centers of the nervous system, and
efferent,
through which impulses from the overlying centers are transmitted to the lower levels of the analyzers;

3) cortical projection zones.

A. includes all sense organs (vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch), as well as special receptors located in internal organs and muscles.

ANAMNESIS - a message from the patient (relatives, employees, etc.) about his life, the history of the development of the disease; used to establish a diagnosis and select the necessary treatment.

ANARTRIA is a severe form of dysarthria, when speech is almost completely impossible due to paralysis of the speech motor muscles, which sharply disrupts the articulation system.

ANOMALY is a pathological deviation from the norm in the functions of the body and its parts.

ANTICIPATION - replacing previous sounds with subsequent ones.

APRAXIA is a violation of purposeful movements and actions due to lesions of the cerebral cortex. A patient with symptoms A. is able to move his arm, but cannot perform purposeful actions (cannot raise his arm, fasten buttons, etc.). The following main forms of apraxia are distinguished:

1) kinesthetic - the collapse of the desired set of movements due to a violation of kinesthetic analysis and synthesis;

2) spatial (constructive) - violation of the visual-spatial organization of the motor act;

3) kinetic (dynamic) - difficulties in performing a series of sequential acts that underlie various motor skills, the appearance of motor perseverations;

4) “frontal” regulatory – violation of obedience to a given program.

Dictionary of speech therapy terms

ARTICULATION PHASES - three parts of sound articulation: attack (excursion), endurance (middle part), retreat (recursion).

ARTICULATION - the activity, movements and positions of the speech organs necessary to pronounce a given sound, complexes of sounds that make up syllables and words, consisting of articulatory phases.

ASTHENIC - powerless, weak, lethargic. Asthenic syndrome is a state of neuropsychic weakness, a violation of the tone of nervous processes.

ASTHENIA is a neuropsychic weakness manifested in great exhaustion of nervous processes, increased fatigue, irritability, decreased performance and all forms of mental activity. A. in children occurs as a consequence of previous diseases (infectious) and traumatic brain lesions.

ASTEREOGNOSIS - impaired ability to recognize objects by touch while maintaining tactile sensitivity; observed with damage to the secondary cortical fields of the parietal lobe of the dominant hemisphere.

ASPHIXIA - suffocation of the fetus and newborn, cessation of breathing due to a decrease or loss of excitability of the respiratory center (often as a result of entanglement of the fetus with the umbilical cord during childbirth).

SOUND ATTACK - a method of actuating the vocal cords during voice formation. There are hard, soft, and aspirated A. sounds. With a firm attack, the sound of the voice arises sharply, the vocal cords close tightly and begin to vibrate only after the bow explodes under the pressure of exhaled air. With a soft attack, the sound of the voice arises less sharply, the ligaments begin to vibrate at the moment of their closure. An aspirated attack is characterized by the fact that the sound of the voice is preceded by noise (aspiration), which arises from the fact that the exhaled air begins to pass through the glottis even before the ligaments close and vibrate.

ATAXIA is a disorder of coordination, consistency of muscle action, manifested in a discrepancy in volume, scope, tempo, accuracy, and direction of movements. Occurs when

damage to the cerebellum, vestibular labyrinth and deep sensory pathways.

ATROPHY - dullness, loss of any feeling, property. With A., an organ (tissue) decreases in volume due to a decrease in the size of some cells. Pathological A. occurs as a result of the action of various factors that cause tissue nutritional disorders.

AUDIOGRAM - a graphic image on a special grid of hearing research data using a special audiometer device.

AUDIOMETERY - measurement of hearing acuity.

AUTISM is a painful mental state characterized by isolation, withdrawal from the outside world, and immersion in the world of one’s own internal experiences. With A., the events of the present are often mixed with the past, the real with the fantastic. In children, A. is expressed by behavioral disturbances, fantasies, and decreased activity in games. Children become gloomy, withdrawn, lose contact with their peers and adults, and speech contact decreases. Sometimes the child stops using speech (mutism),

does not respond to the speech of others.

AUTOGENIC TRAINING is a psychotherapeutic method of treatment that involves teaching patients muscle relaxation, self-hypnosis, development of concentration and power of imagination, and the ability to control involuntary mental activity in order to increase efficiency that is significant for the subject of the activity. There are two degrees of A.t.:

1) teaching relaxation, creating sensations of heaviness, warmth, cold, indicating the control of vegetative functions;

2) creation of hypnotic states of various levels. APHASAIA is a complete or partial loss of speech caused by

focal brain lesions (vascular disorders, strokes, inflammatory diseases of the brain - encephalitis, abscesses), traumatic brain injuries. A. is a systemic disorder of various types of speech activity, manifested in violations of phonemic

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Dictionary of speech therapy terms

logical, morphological and syntactic structures of speech, understanding of speech while maintaining the movements of the speech apparatus. The following forms of aphasia are distinguished:

1) afferent motor - impaired pronunciation of words, replacement of some sounds with others, impairment of independent writing and writing from dictation;

2) efferent motor - a violation of the kinetic organization of speech acts, difficulties in switching from one word (syllable) to another due to the inertia of speech stereotypes;

3) sensory - impaired perception of all sounds, regardless of their tonal characteristics, while maintaining hearing acuity; difficulties in understanding oral speech, writing from dictation, while maintaining those types of speech activity that do not require acoustic analysis of speech sounds, for example, copying, reading;

4) acoustic-mnestic - a disorder of auditory-verbal memory in the form of difficulties in understanding the speech of others, the names of objects and their images, retaining and reproducing words and short phrases;

5) semantic - a violation of the understanding of certain logical-grammatical structures (such as: father's brother, brother's father, spring before summer, etc.) in combination with a violation of counting and spatial thinking;

6) dynamic - a violation of the sequential organization of speech utterance, manifested in violations of speech planning, a violation of coherent oral and written active speech, difficulties in updating words denoting actions.

AFFECT is a type of emotional state, a strong, short-term, rapidly flowing feeling (rage, delight, horror, etc.).

AFFERENT - bringing, carrying to the center.

APHONIA - absence of a sonorous voice with intact whispered speech. Observed in acute and chronic diseases of the larynx, inflammatory processes, paralysis of the laryngeal muscles, tumors, cicatricial changes in the vocal cords (true or laryngeal aphonia), as well as in hysteria and other

other neuroses (functional or hysterical A.). The immediate cause of A. is non-closure or incomplete closure of the true vocal cords, as a result of which air leaks during phonation.

AFFRICAT is a consonant sound, which is a continuous combination of a stop consonant with a fricative from the same place of formation.

BATTARISM is a pathologically accelerated rate of speech, one of the varieties of tachylalia. With B., speech breathing is impaired, words are pronounced at an excessively fast pace, unclearly, not spoken, “with choking,” speech is unintelligible. Often phonemic speech defects in B. are accompanied by a violation of its syntax and the sequence of expression of thoughts. B. is one of the manifestations of general increased excitability and is most often found in neuropathic children.

BILINGUISM - See bilingualism.

BRADYKINESIA - general slowness of movements.

BRADYLALIA - pathologically slow rate of speech with prolongation of vowel sounds, sluggish, unclear articulation. Synonym: bradyphrasia. B. is a particular manifestation of slow nervous processes, general lethargy, and lethargy.

BROCA'S CENTER is a motor speech center located in the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus of the left hemisphere. When B.c. is affected. the person cannot pronounce words (motor alalia

and
aphasia).
In addition to this area, other areas of the cerebral cortex (premotor, etc.) take part in the implementation of the motor function of speech.

LETTER is a graphic sign as part of the alphabet of a given language, used to designate sounds (phonemes) and their varieties in writing. The same B. can mean different sounds. On the other hand, the same sound can be conveyed by different letters. One letter can convey not one sound, but two, for example, the letters i, e, yu. There are letters in the Russian alphabet that do not represent sounds: ь, ъ.

BOULEVARD PARALYSIS is a clinical manifestation of a disease of the medulla oblongata. There is damage to the cranial motor nuclei located in the medulla oblongata.

Dictionary of speech therapy terms

brain nerves - glossopharyngeal, vagus, sublingual. The facial and trigeminal nerves are also often affected. B.p. characterized by peripheral paralysis of the muscles of the tongue, lips, palate, pharynx, vocal cords, epiglottis and is manifested by a swallowing disorder - dysphagia. With B.p. Articulation disorder is usually observed (see dysarthria):

speech is slurred, blurred, with a nasal tint. Sometimes oral speech is not possible.

EVERYDAY VOCABULARY - words of everyday use, naming objects and phenomena of everyday life, i.e. the general way of life, the environment around us, customs, morals, etc.

VELAR SOUND - a posterior palatal sound (for example, g, k, x).

VERBAL - verbal or verbal.

WERNICKE CENTER - a region of the cerebral cortex located in the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus of the left hemisphere, is the center of speech perception. When this area is damaged, a person perceives speech sounds, but loses the ability to perceive the meaning of words (sensory alalia

and
aphasia).
PLOSIVE CONSONANTS - stop consonants, when pronounced, the stop is broken. Synonyms: instantaneous, expository, stop-plosive consonants.

VIBRANT - a trembling consonant.

EXTERNAL SPEECH - speech in the proper sense, i.e. clothed in sound, having sound expression.

ATTENTION - the focus of mental activity on certain objects and phenomena while simultaneously distracting from others. The physiological basis of V. is the presence of dominant foci of excitation with more or less significant inhibition of other areas of the cortex (the law of negative induction of nervous processes). V. can be voluntary or involuntary. The simplest and initial form of attention that occurs without a person’s special intention is the orienting reflex. With voluntary attention, a person sets a goal - to pay attention to certain objects through volitional efforts.

INTERNAL SPEECH - hidden, silent speech, various types of use of language (linguistic meanings) outside

process of real communication. There are three main types of V.R.:

1) internal pronunciation - “speech to oneself”, preserving the structure of external speech, but devoid of phonation;

2) internal speech itself, when it acts as a means of thinking, uses specific units (code of images and schemes, subject code, subject meanings) and has a specific structure, different from the structure of external speech;

3) internal programming, i.e. formation and consolidation in specific units of meaning (type, program) of a speech utterance and its content parts.

Suggestion is a process of influencing the mental sphere of a person, associated with a decrease in consciousness and criticality in the perception and implementation of suggested content, with the absence of a targeted active understanding of it, a detailed logical analysis and assessment in relation to past experience and the given state of the subject. The transmission of suggestion occurs through the senses, mainly through the auditory and visual analyzers.

Suggestion is widely used in medicine to correct the mental and somatic state of the patient (psychotherapy), and is used in an integrated approach to eliminating stuttering in adolescents and adults.

PERCEPTION is the mental process of reflecting objects and phenomena of the objective world in the totality of their various parts and properties acting at the moment on the senses. Together with the processes of sensation, perception provides direct sensory orientation in the surrounding world. Associated with thinking, memory, attention.

REPRODUCTION is one of the memory processes.

There is a revival in the consciousness of past memories, feelings, verbal material, aspirations, actions that occur as a result of the activation of previously formed systems of temporary connections that arise in the human brain when it reflects reality.

PITCH - sound quality, depending on the vibration frequency of the vocal cords per unit time: the more

Dictionary of speech therapy terms

vibrations, the higher the sound; the fewer vibrations, the lower the sound.

HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY - the activity of the cerebral cortex and the subcortical formations closest to it, ensuring the normal complex relationships of the whole organism to the external and internal world and the subtle balancing of the organism with environmental conditions based on the development and inhibition of temporary connections.

HEMIPLEGIA - paralysis of the muscles of one half of the body. Incomplete degree of G. is called hemiparesis.

GENESIS - origin.

SPEECH GYMNASTICS is a system of exercises for the speech organs according to the instructions of a speech therapist.

HYPERACUSIS - increased sensitivity to quiet sounds that are indifferent to others. Observed in sensory disorders.

HYPERKINESIS - excessive involuntary movements, a large group of movement disorders that arise from organic and functional disorders of the cortex and subcortical formations of the brain. Depending on the nature of movement disorders, there are:

1) athetosis - slow, elaborate, worm-like movements of the fingers of the upper and lower extremities and facial muscles;

2) torsion dystonia - movements related to athetosis, but involving the muscles of the trunk; when lying down they usually disappear;

3) choreic hyperkinesis - fast, sweeping, erratic, non-rhythmic movements without tension, occurring in various parts of the body with reduced muscle tone;

4) myoclonus - fast, lightning-fast clonic contractions of individual muscles or muscle groups;

5) tics - fast, involuntary, stereotypically repeated movements of a certain group of muscles, most often the face, less often the neck, shoulder girdle, giving the impression of a deliberate grimace (frequent blinking, raising the eyebrows upward, shrugging the shoulders, etc.); tics do not interfere with voluntary movements;

6) trembling (tremor) - violent oscillatory movements covering the entire body or parts of it.

HYPOACUSIA - decreased hearing acuity.

HYPNOSIS is a temporary state of consciousness, characterized by a narrowing of its volume and a sharp focus on the content of suggestion, which is associated with a change in the functions of individual control and self-awareness. Occurs as a result of special influences of the hypnotist.

VOWEL SOUNDS - sounds produced by the free passage of air in the mouth, consisting mainly of the voice (vocal tone) with almost no noise. The classification of vowels according to their articulation is based on the following characteristics: the degree of elevation of the tongue, the place of its elevation, the participation or non-participation of the lips. G.z. can be strong (under stress) and weak (in an unstressed syllable).

Deaf-Muteness - absence or profound impairment of hearing and associated lack of speech.

Nasality is an unpleasant nasal tone of speech and voice sounds.

VOICE is a set of sounds of varying height, strength and timbre produced through the vocal apparatus. G. is one of the components of speech. Along with breathing and articulation

serves as the external expression of thought (words) and is controlled by the cerebral cortex.

LABIODENTAL CONSONANTS - consonants formed by bringing the lower lip closer to the upper lip.

GRAPHEME is the main structural unit included in the system of the written version of a given language; designation of a phoneme on a letter by a letter.

BUMING - vocal reactions of a child in the first 2-3 months of life, the early stage of babbling.

DACTYLOGY is a manual alphabet that serves to replace oral speech when literate deaf people communicate with each other and with hearing people familiar with D. Dactyl signs replace letters; in design, the signs resemble letters in printed and handwritten fonts.

BILINGUALITY - equally perfect command of two languages.

Dictionary of speech therapy terms

DEBILITY - the mildest degree of oligophrenia,

in which children master speech, basic writing and counting skills, and subsequently the entire program of the auxiliary school; can adapt to socially useful work activities, master a simple profession and subsequently lead an independent life.

DEMENTIA - dementia, persistent weakening of cognitive activity, decreased criticism and memory, roughening of emotions. Unlike oligophrenia

disruption of brain activity in D. occurs after a period of normal development of the child due to a number of possible reasons (schizophrenia, epilepsy, inflammatory diseases of the brain, brain injury). Intellectual defect in D., as a rule, is irreversible.

DEFECT - a physical or mental defect that causes a disruption in the normal development of a child. The main types of defects: visual impairment, hearing impairment, motor impairment, mental impairment, speech impairment.

DEONTOLOGY - the doctrine of pedagogical ethics, aesthetics, morality, in particular, how a speech therapist

must build his relationships with
the speech pathologist,
his relatives and work colleagues.

DEPRIVATION - insufficient satisfaction of basic needs.

DECOMPENSATION - a disorder in the activity of any organ or organism as a whole due to a violation of compensation

(a complex process of restructuring the body’s functions in the event of disturbances or loss of any function due to diseases or injuries).

DEFECTOLOGY is the science of the patterns of development, upbringing and education of children with physical and mental disabilities. Independent areas of education are distinguished: deaf pedagogy, typhlopedagogy, oligophrenopedagogy

and
speech therapy.
DIDACTICAL MATERIAL - a type of educational visual aids.

DYSARTHRIA is a violation of the pronunciation aspect of speech caused by insufficient innervation of the speech apparatus. There is a disorder of articulation, difficulty

in the pronunciation of consonant speech sounds due to paresis,

spasm,
hyperkinesis
or
ataxia
of muscles involved in the motor function of speech.
Speech becomes unclear, slurred, slurred or drawn out, slow, intermittent. Depending on the location, dysarthria is distinguished:
bulbar, pseudobulbar, extrapyramidal, cerebellar, cortical.

DYNAMIC STEREOTYPE is a relatively stable system of conditioned and unconditioned reflexes.

DYGRAPHIA is a partial specific disorder of the writing process. The writing is carried out with persistent, gross and peculiar errors that are not related to knowledge of grammatical rules. The following types of speech are distinguished: articular-acoustic, based on violations of phonemic recognition, based on violations of language analysis and synthesis; agrammatical and optical. D. is usually accompanied by oral speech disorders (alalia, aphasia, dysarthria, dyslalia),

observed with hearing loss,
mental retardation,
but can also occur independently.

DYSLALIA is a disorder of sound pronunciation with normal hearing and intact innervation of the speech apparatus. Based on the reasons for its occurrence, D. is distinguished between functional and mechanical (organic).

DYSLEXIA is a partial specific disorder of the reading process. With D., there are substitutions and confusions of sounds when reading, most often phonetically close, as well as substitutions of graphically similar letters, distortions of the sound-syllable structure of words, agrammatism, and impaired reading comprehension. The following types of dyslexia are distinguished: phonemic, semantic, agrammatic, mnestic, optical, tactile. D. is most often based on deviations in oral speech, expressed in a limited vocabulary, violations of the grammatical structure of speech, as well as defects in phonemic perception and shortcomings in the pronunciation of sounds.

DYSPHONIA is a voice disorder due to acute and chronic diseases of the larynx. The voice with D. is preserved, but becomes defective - weak, hoarse, trembling, breaking.

Dictionary of speech therapy terms

DICTION - clear, intelligible, expressive pronunciation of words.

DIFFERENTIATION of sounds is a stage in correctional work to educate the correct pronunciation of sounds, aimed at developing speech pathologists

the ability to distinguish a given sound from a similar one in sound or in place and method of formation.

AVAILABILITY OF TRAINING is a didactic principle according to which training is structured taking into account the level of preparation of students, their age and individual abilities.

STUTTERING is a disorder of the communicative function of speech, in which the smoothness of its flow is interrupted by involuntary delays, forced repetitions, and prolongation of individual syllables and words. Caused by speech convulsions (clonic, tonic, mixed).

RETARDED MENTAL DEVELOPMENT is a disruption of the normal pace of mental development in children.

SPEECH SOUND is an element of spoken speech formed by the speech organs. In the phonetic division of speech, a sound is a part of a word, the shortest sound unit pronounced in one articulation.

MIRROR WRITING is a writing disorder in which the writing of letters and words is similar to that reflected in a mirror.

Speech therapy probes are instruments made of stainless metal, designed for mechanical impact on the tongue when setting and correcting the pronunciation of certain speech sounds.

IMPRESSIVE SPEECH - perception, understanding of speech. Oral I.r. is normally expressed in the auditory perception of what is spoken, written I.r. - in visual perception of text (reading).

INVERSION - reverse word order.

INNERVATION - supply of organs and tissues with nerves.

INSPIRATION - inhalation.

INFANTILISM - developmental retardation, preservation in adulthood of the physical structure or behavior inherent in childhood.

IRRADATION OF EXCITATION - the spread of the excitatory process from the source of its occurrence to the surrounding nerve cells.

ITERATION - repetition, hesitation, repetitions in speech.

CATAMNESIS - information about the patient after recovery.

KINESTHETIC SENSATIONS - sensations of the position and movement of organs and parts of one’s own body.

COMMUNICATIVE - relating to communication as the transfer of intellectual content, as opposed to emotional content, i.e. expressions of sadness, joy and other feelings that make up the content of non-communicative statements.

COMPENSATION - compensation for impaired function, functional restructuring.

CONVERGENCE is a change expressed in the similarity or even coincidence of different sounds of a language.

CONTAMINATION is an erroneous reproduction of a word, which is a mixture of elements of two or more words (white and yolk - “white”). The emergence of K. is facilitated by the semantic and phonetic proximity of words. K. is noted with alalia

and
aphasia,
but can also occur in healthy people in the form of slips of the tongue.

CORRECTION PEDAGOGY - (special pedagogy, defectology)

refers to pedagogical sciences and studies the patterns of development, education and training of children with deviations in physical or mental development.

PRONUNCIATION CORRECTION - correction of deficiencies in the pronunciation of sounds.

Laryngospasm is a convulsive contraction of the muscles of the larynx and vocal folds.

LATERAL - lateral sound.

BABBLING is a child’s vocal reactions to stimuli of a positive nature. L. usually appears after walking, at 5-6 months of age, and consists of various combinations of vowels and consonants, both those present in the child’s native language and those absent from it.

LOGONEUROSIS is a neurosis that manifests itself in the form of a speech disorder - stuttering.

Dictionary of speech therapy terms

LOGOPAT - a person with defective speech.

Speech therapist is a teacher who eliminates speech defects in children and adults.

Speech therapy center is a special institution in which, under the guidance of a speech therapist, classes are conducted to eliminate deficiencies in oral and written speech.

Speech therapy is the science of speech disorders, methods of their prevention, identification and elimination by means of special training and education, a section of correctional pedagogy.

FALSE VOCAL CORDS - folds formed by the mucous membrane of the larynx.

LOCALIZATION is the place of development of any phenomena or processes.

MACROGLOSSIA is an overgrowth of the muscles of the tongue, a rare congenital anomaly.

MANUAL SYSTEM - a system of manual signs that complement the elements of sound articulation that are inaccessible to the eye. With the help of different positions of the hand and fingers of the hand placed on the chest under the chin, closed or open vocal cords, a raised or lowered soft palate, as well as some signs of tongue articulation, subtle or difficult for the eye, are indicated. Signs of M. s. serve as an aid for lip reading.

MEDICAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL-PEDAGOGICAL CONSULTATION is a special institution that conducts a comprehensive medical-psychological-pedagogical examination of abnormal children for referral to appropriate educational and health institutions.

SPECIAL METHODOLOGY is a system of techniques and methods for teaching children with developmental disabilities, aimed at overcoming developmental anomalies. S. m. is developed in relation to different types of special schools and preschool institutions, taking into account the developmental characteristics of various categories of abnormal children.

FAMILY - movements of the muscles of the face and eyes, reflecting a person’s various feelings (joy, sadness, anxiety, surprise, fear, etc.).

MIMICO-GESTURAL SPEECH is a forced form of communication for deaf-mute people who do not speak verbal speech, an independent, albeit primitive, form of communication and thinking. It is based on a system of gestures, each of which has its own meaning. Facial expressions are also used, which not only express feelings and states, but also change the meaning of the gesture.

MYOCLONIUS - hyperkinesis;

quick and short twitches of individual muscles or muscle groups.

VOICE MODULATION - a change in the pitch of the voice, associated, in particular, with intonation. M.g. suffers from hearing loss and especially from deafness, speech becomes monotonous. During training, sound-amplifying equipment and special exercises are used.

MONOPLEGIA - paralysis of one limb.

MOTORICS - a system of motor reactions in humans and animals.

VOICE MUTATION - a change in the voice during puberty due to intensive growth of the larynx.

MUTISM is a violation of speech communication (silence) resulting from mental trauma. M. is temporary, but can sometimes last for years. It is based on inhibition of the speech motor analyzer

as a reaction of weakened cortical cells to one or another super-strong stimulus for them (unbearable demand, conflict, resentment, etc.). Occurs in shy, timid, insecure children. Sometimes M. forms part of the overall picture of psychogenic trauma, for example, in acute mental shock.

THINKING is a generalized and indirect reflection of objects and phenomena of reality. It is based on sensory cognition (sensations, perception, ideas, figurative memory), but goes beyond its limits and develops in humans in close connection with speech. M. is a socially determined process of cognitive activity, its highest level. The physiological basis of M. is the analytical and synthetic closure activity of the cerebral cortex. In children with normal intelligence and healthy analysis -

Dictionary of speech therapy terms

The tory system develops visual-effective thinking, and on its basis - visual-figurative thinking.

The most important stage in the development of speech is the process of mastering speech, which opens up opportunities for the development of verbal and logical speech.

SKILLS - automated actions.

VISUALITY IN TEACHING is a didactic principle according to which learning is based on specific images directly perceived by students. The use of visual aids contributes not only to the creation of figurative ideas in children, but also to the formation of concepts and the understanding of abstract connections and dependencies.

NASALization is the acquisition of a nasal tint by sounds, mainly consonants, due to the lowering of the palatal curtain and the simultaneous release of an air stream through the mouth and nose.

VOICE IMPAIRMENT - absence or disorder of phonation due to disturbances in voice production

Speech therapy dictionary of terms

Articulation - (articulare - clearly pronounce; lat.) the work of the speech organs when pronouncing syllables, words, phrases. Organs of articulation: lips, tongue, lower jaw, pharynx. Accurate articulation produces clear, clear speech.

Sound attack is the beginning of sound, the moment of its formation. The attack of sound has a great influence on further vocal formation. The soft attack makes the voice velvety.

Agraphia - (a-grapho-I don’t write; lat.) a speech disorder, expressed in a violation of writing, a complete loss of the ability to write.

Alalia - (a-lalia - no speech; lat.) absence or underdevelopment of speech in children with normal hearing and intact mental abilities.

Alexia - (a-lego-I don’t read; lat.) inability to master the reading process.

Amnesia - (a-mneme-no memory; lat.) memory impairment.

Aphasia - (a-phasis - no speech; lat.) loss of speech - complete or partial, caused by brain damage. Aphasia differs from alalia in that with aphasia there is a loss of already developed speech, while with alalia the process of speech development itself is disrupted.

Aphonia - (a-phone - no voice; Greek) absence of a sonorous voice.

Communication barriers are a psychological phenomenon that arises during communication between interlocutors. We are talking about the emergence of a feeling of hostility, distrust of the speaker, which extends to the information conveyed by him.

Battarism is a speech disorder in which words are pronounced at an excessively fast pace, not clearly, and are not spoken correctly.

An utterance is a unit of communication that has semantic integrity.

Verbal - verbal.

Visual communication - eye contact.

Gammacism is a lack of pronunciation of the sound [G].

Voice - sounds that arise as a result of vibration of the vocal cords when speaking, singing, laughing, etc.

-voice pitch is a physiological property of the speech voice, controlled by the tension of the vocal cords and the frequency of their vibrations. They are distinguished: high speech voice - developed head sound; low - developed chest sound; medium - mixed sound.

-voice range—the volume of sound, that is, the interval between the highest and lowest sounds of the voice. A voice with a large range of sound has flexibility, mobility, and play of sound.

- voice flight - the duration of the sound of individual phrases, words and sounds. When the sound is rich in intonation, the words are pronounced emotionally, clearly, clearly, and the speaker’s speech reaches the far corners of the audience.

-voice timbre - individual sound coloring, voice quality, characteristic of each person.

- developed voice - the voice is the most fully and comprehensively developed, with great range, strength, sonority, and flexibility.

Diction - (dictio-pronunciation; Latin) distinct, clear, pure pronunciation of words, sounds in conversation, singing, etc.. Absence of patter speech, swallowing of individual sounds and syllables. No speech defects.

Discussion - (discussio-consideration; Latin) correct discussion of a controversial issue. Discussion is characterized by: a clearly formulated topic, the desire to come to a common opinion.

Dispute - (disputare - reason; Latin) public speech under the leadership of a leader to establish the truth - on a scientific or socially important topic.

Dysgraphia - (dis-grapho - I write poorly; Latin) a writing disorder; so-called tongue-tiedness in writing.

Dyslexia - (dis-lego - I read poorly; Latin) a reading disorder associated with impairment or underdevelopment of certain areas of the cerebral cortex. Reading is slow, guessing with phonetic distortions; misunderstanding the meaning of what is read.

Dyslalia - (dis-lalia - I speak poorly; Latin) a disorder of oral speech, expressed in a violation of the pronunciation of speech sounds. In children, as a rule, it is accompanied by impaired written speech.

Dysarthria - (dis-arthron-arthronic articulation disorder; Latin) a pronunciation disorder caused by organic insufficiency of innervation of the speech apparatus. The mobility of the speech organs is limited and limited, so pronunciation is difficult. Often speech is poorly developed in general.

Dysphonia - (dis-phone-voice disorder; Greek) voice disorder.

Breathing is conventionally divided into: clavicular, thoracic and abdominal.

- chest - breathing, in which the ribs, rising, increase the volume of the chest in its middle part. At the same time, the voice quickly gets tired.

-clavicular - short, shallow breathing.

-abdominal - diaphragmatic breathing: the diaphragm contracts and increases the volume of the chest.

Delayed speech development is a violation of the normal rate of speech development, a lag in speech development.

Mental retardation is a violation of the normal pace of mental development, as a result of which a child who has reached school age continues to remain in the circle of preschool interests.

Stuttering is a logoneurosis, a disruption of the smooth flow of speech by convulsive hesitations.

Defense mechanisms are a set of unconscious techniques with which a person protects himself from mental trauma.

AND

Intonation - (intono-pronounce loudly; Latin) a set of sound elements of speech (strength, height, timbre, duration of sound). Intonation creates an additional shade of meaning, subtext of speech, and helps to better understand the statement. If the speech is rich in intonations, it is especially clear and beautiful.

- intonation includes: rhythm, tempo, timbre and melody of speech. Melodics - the modulation of the voice for a question, exclamation or statement. Rhythm is a uniform alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables (different in voice strength and duration). Tempo is the speed of speech delivery. (When accelerated, intelligibility decreases; when slowed down, expressiveness decreases). Timbre is the emotional coloring of a phrase, giving speech different shades: surprise, joy, sadness, etc.

Communication - (communico-communicating; Latin) contacts, communication, exchange of information between people.

Pronunciation correction - correction of pronunciation deficiencies.

Kappacism is a lack of pronunciation of the sound [K].

Speech culture is a multi-valued concept that includes: correctness of speech, that is, mastery of the norms of oral and written literary language (rules of pronunciation, stress, word usage, vocabulary, grammar and stylistics), and speech skill, that is, the ability to choose the most accurate from existing options semantically, stylistically and situationally appropriate, expressive, etc. Speech culture presupposes a high general human culture.

Lambdacism is an incorrect pronunciation of the sound [L]. Common speech impediment.

Lexicon - vocabulary.

A logical pause is a pause that divides the speaker’s speech into speech beats in accordance with semantic and grammatical connections between words, characterized by a change in pitch and voice.

Logical stress - highlighting the most important word among other words to give the sentence an exact meaning. Logical stress falls on the word that has an essential meaning, according to the speaker’s intention.

Logicality of speech is the communicative quality of speech. To achieve logical speech, one should strive for semantic consistency of the statement.

Speech therapy - (logos-word, teaching, paideia-education; Greek) branch of special pedagogy, the task of which is to study speech development, speech deficiencies, develop ways to prevent and overcome speech deficiencies; creating conditions for the best development of speech.

Logophobia - (logos-teaching, phobos-fear; Greek) fear of uttering words, speech.

Speech melody - raising and lowering the tone of the voice.

Facial expressions are a set of facial muscle movements and eye movements of a person, expressing his state or his attitude towards something.

Voice modulation - changing the voice in pitch, strength, timbre and duration.

Motor skills are a set of motor reactions.

Mnemonics are techniques that ensure memorization using artificial associations.

A skill is an automatically performed action that does not require conscious control or special volitional efforts to perform it.

Nonverbal means of communication - gestures, facial expressions, pantomime, expressive movements.

Speech underdevelopment - see General speech underdevelopment.

ABOUT

Feedback is the process of obtaining information about the state of a communication partner in order to improve communication and achieve the desired result.

General speech underdevelopment is a lag in the development of all aspects of speech: grammatical, lexical, pronunciation, poor vocabulary, etc.

Communication is a complex, multifaceted process of establishing and developing contacts between people.

Organs of articulation - lips, tongue, lower jaw, pharynx. Accurate articulation produces clear, clear speech.

Pantomime is a set of expressive body movements that accompany speech and emotions.

Pause is a stop during speech.

Vocal mobility is the ability of the voice to easily change its pitch and strength. The lack of mobility in the voice makes it monotonous.

Speech mobility is the ability to control the speed of the rhythmic movement of speech, its tempo, freely moving from slow to fast and vice versa. This ability is developed during training.

Paralinguistics - vocal capabilities of the voice.

Prosody is the melodic-intonation side of speech.

Speech hearing is a person’s ability to perceive and reproduce all phonological means of language when perceiving speech. Components of speech hearing:

- pitch hearing - the ability to hear and perceive the melody of speech;

-rhythmic hearing - the ability to sense and reproduce its internal tempo in speech;

- tonal hearing - the ability to hear and reproduce timbre changes in the voice depending on changes in feelings and relationships;

- physical hearing - the ability to perceive sounding speech in different ranges of volume and height;

- phonemic hearing - the ability to distinguish and reproduce speech sounds.

Speech beat - (syntagma) a word or group of words within a sentence that are united by meaning.

Speech is a system of sound signals, written signs and symbols used by humans to transmit and store information.

-external - speech for others, heard and understood by people around; consists of written and oral speech;

-internal - speech for oneself, devoid of sound design, mental speech.

The rhythm of speech is the sequential alternation of speech elements over the same amount of time.

Rhetoric is the theory and skill of harmonious speech.

Rhinolalia - (rhinos-lalia - I speak through my nose; Greek) a pathological change in the timbre of the voice (nasal tint) and distorted pronunciation of speech sounds.

Rhinophony is a change in only the timbre of the voice (nasal tone) with normal sound pronunciation.

Rhotacism is a common defect in the pronunciation of the sound [P].

WITH

Self-regulation is the process of a person managing his psychological and physiological states and actions.

The strength of the voice depends on the amplitude of vibrations of the vocal cords, which is determined by the amount of air pressure, that is, the pressure of exhaled air during voice formation.

Syntagmatic stress is the main word of speech tact.

Sigmatism - deficiencies in the pronunciation of whistling sounds: [S, Z, Ts] and hissing sounds [Zh, Sh, Ch, Shch]

Rate of speech - speed of speech, can be measured by the number of words per unit of time.

Communication techniques are ways of pre-setting a person to communicate with people, his behavior in the communication process.

Speech technique is a set of skills and abilities used for optimal speech sound.

Stress is distinguished: 1) grammatical (pronunciation with the greatest force of a syllable in a word); 2) phrasal (transmitted by raising or lowering the entire contour of the sentence); 3) syntagmatic (the main word of the syntagma is pronounced with greater intensity).

The frenulum is the sublingual ligament. With a short frenulum, the pronunciation of the sounds [R, L, Sh, Zh, Ch, Shch] is impaired. There is no need for surgical intervention, as there are special exercises for stretching the frenulum.

Phoneme is the sound of speech. There are 42 phonemes in the Russian language.

Phonemic hearing is the ability for auditory perception of speech sounds - phonemes. Phonemic hearing plays a huge role in mastering written language.

Phonation - voice formation.

Hittism is a lack of pronunciation of the sound [X].

Purity of speech - such speech is called pure in which there are no defective sounds; elements alien to the literary language: jargon, dialectisms, vulgarisms, parasitic words.

Etiology - (aitia-logos - the study of causes; Greek) the study of the causes of diseases.

Expression - (expressio-expressiveness; Latin) the power of manifestation of feelings, experiences.

Empathy is sympathy for a person.

Language is the most important means of communication, a tool for thinking and influencing people on each other.

List of scientific terms used by a speech therapist teacher in correctional activities

GLOSSARY

speech therapist teacher

Sound Automation

— the stage of correcting incorrect sound pronunciation, which follows after setting a new sound; aimed at developing the correct pronunciation of sounds in coherent speech; consists in the gradual, consistent introduction of a given sound into syllables, words, sentences and into independent speech.

Agnosia

— violation of the processes of recognition of objects and phenomena with
Agrammatism
— violation of the psychophysiological processes that ensure the grammatical orderliness of speech activity; with A. there is omission of prepositions, incorrect agreement of words in gender, number, “telegraphic style”, etc.; A. usually occurs in connection with aphasia or alalia.

Agraphia

- (a-grapho-I don’t write; lat.) speech disorder, expressed in writing impairment, complete loss of the ability to write.

Alexia

- complete inability or loss of ability to master the reading process.

Ambidextrous

- a person whose functions of both hands are equally well developed.

Analysis and synthesis

- opposing and inextricably linked logical techniques; A., by decomposing a complex problem into its component parts, simplifies it and makes it easier for students to understand this phenomenon, and S. makes it possible not only to connect the disparate principles of the subject being studied and understand it as a whole, but also to comprehend the connection of this whole with other objects of human knowledge.

Articulation

- (articulare - clearly pronounce; lat.) the work of the speech organs when pronouncing syllables, words, phrases. Organs of articulation: lips, tongue, lower jaw, pharynx. Accurate articulation produces clear, clear speech.

Articulation gymnastics

- a system of exercises for the speech organs, which are performed daily or several times a day according to the instructions of a speech therapist.

Articulatory apparatus

- a set of organs that ensure the formation of speech sounds (articulation); includes the vocal apparatus, muscles of the pharynx, tongue, soft palate, lips, cheeks and lower jaw, teeth, etc.

Autism

- immersion in the world of personal experiences with weakening or loss of contact with reality, loss of interest in reality; a sign of mental disorder.

Communication barriers

- a psychological phenomenon that arises during communication between interlocutors. We are talking about the emergence of a feeling of hostility, distrust of the speaker, which extends to the information conveyed by him.

Bradylalia

- pathologically slow speech rate.

Attention

- voluntary or involuntary direction and concentration of mental activity.

Will

— a person’s ability to act in the direction of a consciously set goal, while overcoming internal obstacles.

Imagination

- the mental process of forming new images by processing the material of perceptions and ideas obtained in previous experience.

Upbringing

- the process of systematic and purposeful influence on the spiritual and physical development of the individual.

Perception

- the mental process of reflecting reality, forming a subjective image of the objective world; Depending on which of the analyzers is the leading one in a given act of perception, visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory and olfactory perception are distinguished.

Active speech gymnastics

- a system of exercises for the speech organs, which are performed daily or several times a day according to the instructions of a speech therapist.

Passive speech gymnastics

- a form of speech gymnastics, in which the child makes movements only with the help of mechanical influence on the speech organs (pressure from the hand of a speech therapist or an appropriate probe, spatula); after several repetitions an attempt is made, i.e. passive movement is gradually transformed into active.

Voice

- sounds that arise as a result of vibration of the vocal cords when talking, singing, laughing, etc.

— voice pitch is a physiological property of the speech voice, controlled by the tension of the vocal cords and the frequency of their vibrations. They are distinguished: high speech voice - developed head sound; low - developed chest sound; medium - mixed sound.

- vocal range - volume of sound, that is, the interval between the highest and lowest sounds of the voice. A voice with a large range of sound has flexibility, mobility, and play of sound.

- voice timbre - individual sound coloring, voice quality - characteristic of each person.

- well-trained voice - the voice is the most fully and comprehensively developed, with great range, strength, sonority, and flexibility.

Grammar

- a branch of linguistics that studies forms of inflection, word combination formulas and types of sentences in abstraction from the specific material (lexical) meaning of words, phrases and sentences.

Grammatical structure

- the structure of words and sentences inherent in a given language.

Bilingualism

- equally perfect command of two languages.

Pronunciation defects

- see Dysarthria, Dyslalia, Rhinolalia.

Diagnostics

- 1) a branch of medicine that studies the content, methods and successive stages of the process of recognizing diseases or special physiological conditions; 2) the process of recognizing the disease and assessing the individual biological and social characteristics of the subject, including a targeted medical examination, interpretation of the results obtained and their generalization in the form of a diagnosis.

Dysarthria

- a violation of the pronunciation side of speech, caused by insufficient innervation of the speech apparatus.

Dysgraphia

- partial disruption of the writing process, in which persistent and repeated errors are observed: distortions and replacements of letters, distortions of the sound-syllable structure of a word, violations of the unity of the spelling of individual words in a sentence, agrammatism in writing.

Dislalia

- violation of sound pronunciation.

Dyslexia

- partial disruption of the reading process, manifested in repeated persistent errors.

Impaired mental function

- temporary lack of development of the psyche as a whole or its individual functions.

Delayed speech development

- a disturbance in the course of speech development, manifested in a discrepancy with normal ontogenesis, a lag in tempo.

Stuttering

- a violation of the tempo-rhythmic organization of speech, caused by the convulsive state of the muscles of the speech apparatus.

Neurosis-like stuttering

- stuttering, similar in appearance to neurotic stuttering, but having a non-psychogenic origin; the term "Z.N." often used as a synonym for the term "organic stuttering".

Neurotic stuttering

- stuttering caused by exposure to traumatic factors; term "Z.n." often used as a synonym for the term “functional stuttering”.

Sound replacements

- a defect in the reproduction of speech sounds, in which, instead of the correct sound, a sound is pronounced that is similar in the method of formation or in the place of articulation, paired in deafness/voice, hardness/softness, depending on whether articulatory or acoustic images of sounds are not formed.

Memorization

- the mental process of imprinting information in memory (distinguish between voluntary and involuntary).

Mirror speech

- pronouncing (reading) words in reverse order, starting with the last and ending with the first sound of the word.

Mirror letter

- 1) writing from right to left with a mirror image of the written text; 2) mirror writing of letters.

Impressive speech

- perception, understanding of speech; I.r. oral is expressed in the auditory perception of oral speech, and I.r. written - in the visual perception of the text (reading).

Intonation

- (intono-pronounce loudly; Latin) a set of sound elements of speech (strength, height, timbre, duration of sound). Intonation creates an additional shade of meaning, subtext of speech, and helps to better understand the statement. If the speech is rich in intonations, it is especially clear and beautiful.

Kappacism

- lack of pronunciation of the sound [K].

Burr

- violation of the pronunciation of the sounds R and L.

Correction

— correction sm. shortcomings; eg, K. vision, K. movements, K. speech.

Tongue-tied

- see Dislalia.

Lambdacism

- incorrect pronunciation of the sound [L]. Common speech impediment.

Vocabulary

- the entire set of words that make up a k.-l. language or dialect.

Lexico-grammatical

- characterized by the unity of lexical and grammatical properties, connecting those and other properties.

Lexico-morphological

- related to the morphology of word formation.

Babbling

- the child’s vocal reactions to positive stimuli; appears in the second month of life in the form of various simple complexes of sounds (humming) and gradually becomes more complex (multiple repetition of syllables); in case of severe speech disorders, it is detected in children late and at a later age.

Logoneurosis

- neurosis, manifested in the form of a speech disorder (neurotic stuttering).

Speech therapist

is a correctional teacher who deals with speech deficiencies in children and adults.

Logophobia

- (logos-teaching, phobos-fear; Greek) fear of pronouncing words, speech

Facial expressions

- a set of movements of the facial muscles, eye movements of a person, expressing his state or his attitude towards something

Morphology

- in linguistics: 1) part of the language system, uniting words as carriers of grammatical meanings, their grammatical classes, the laws of their existence and formation; 2) a section of grammar that studies this part of the language system.

Monologue

- an oral or written statement by one person. A monologue is a significant segment of speech containing interconnected statements. There are three types of monologues: 1) description; 2) narration; 3) reasoning.

Motor skills

- motor activity of the body, its individual organs or parts thereof.

Mutism

- refusal of verbal communication while maintaining the speech apparatus; observed in mental illness, in shy children, etc.

Nasalization

- the acquisition of a nasal timbre by a sound (mainly a vowel) due to the lowering of the velum and the simultaneous release of an air stream through the mouth and nose.

Violation of the visual image of the letter -

mixing letters with a similar visual image, mirror writing.

Violation of the visual image of the word

- violation of the letter composition of a word.

Violation of word structure

- simplification of words, rearrangements, underwriting, merging and splitting of words.

Reading and writing impairment

- a sharp difficulty in mastering the graphic form of speech, most often associated with a general underdevelopment of speech in children with normal hearing and normal mental abilities; most often manifests itself in a general distortion of the sound composition of words and the replacement of letters.

General speech underdevelopment

- various complex speech disorders, in which children have impaired formation of all components of the speech system related to the sound and semantic side.

Ontogenesis

- a set of successive morphological, physiological and biochemical transformations of the body from its inception to the end of life.

Speech organs

- various parts of the human body involved in the formation of speech sounds.

Spelling

- a system of rules that determine the uniformity of methods of transmitting speech in writing.

Pantomime

- a set of expressive body movements that accompany speech and emotions.

Voice mobility

- the ability of the voice to easily change its pitch and strength. The lack of mobility in the voice makes it monotonous.

Speech mobility

- the ability to control the speed of rhythmic movement of speech, its tempo, freely moving from slow to fast and vice versa. This ability is developed during training.

Sound production

- creating, using special techniques, a new connection between auditory (perception of spoken sound), motor-kinesthetic (independent perception of sound) and visual (visual perception of articulation of sound) sensations; production of sounds, breathing, and voice is the first stage in the formation of pronunciation skills in deaf, hard of hearing children, and in children with speech impairments; characterized by the widespread use of intact analyzers (visual, skin, motor, auditory), the use of various methodological techniques, technical devices, as a result of which the child learns one or another pronunciation skill; The stage of pronunciation skills is followed by the stage of their automation, the transformation of skills into strong skills, which is achieved as a result of special exercises and speech practice.

Bite

- the relationship of the dentition of the upper and lower jaws when they are closed.

Proxemics

- a science that studies the norms of organizing communication (in space, in time).

Prosody

- melodic-intonation side of speech.

Speech

- a form of communication mediated by language.

Speech apparatus

- a system of organs involved in the formation of speech sounds. There are peripheral and central sections of R.a.

Speech hearing

- a person’s ability to perceive and reproduce all phonological means of language when perceiving speech. Components of speech hearing:

- pitch hearing - the ability to hear and perceive the melody of speech;

- rhythmic hearing - the ability to sense and reproduce its internal tempo in speech;

- tonal hearing - the ability to hear and reproduce timbral changes in the voice depending on changes in feelings and relationships;

- physical hearing - the ability to perceive spoken speech in different ranges of volume and height;

- phonemic hearing - the ability to distinguish and reproduce speech sounds.

Rhythmics

- a system of physical exercises based on the connection between movement and music.

Resource state

- the optimal internal state of a person. Based on memories of once successfully done work; about pleasant states of confidence and harmony.

Reflection

- a reflection full of doubts and contradictions. The ability to look at yourself from the outside. Analysis of your mental state.

Recipient

- user of information.

Rhythm of speech

- sequential alternation of speech elements over the same amount of time.

Rhetoric

— theory and mastery of harmonious speech.

Rotacism

- a common deficiency in pronouncing the sound [P].

Sigmatism

- deficiencies in the pronunciation of whistling sounds: [S, Z, Ts] and hissing sounds [Zh, Sh, Ch, Shch]

Dictionary passive

- a stock of understandable words.

Dictionary active

- the presence of words that a given person constantly uses in his speech.

Scanned Speech

- speech in syllables, violation of the rhythm of speech.

Mixing sounds

- a lack of speech, expressed in the fact that the child, being able to pronounce certain sounds, mixes them in speech (for example, instead of a hat he says “sapka” and then instead of a sled - “shanki”). N.Z. - a sign of incompleteness of the process of mastering the system of phonemes. Normally, this process ends in a child by the age of 4-5. By this time, all speech sounds are distinguished by children by ear and are pronounced correctly.

Conjugate speech

- the joint repetition by two or more persons of words or phrases spoken or written by someone.

Spontaneous speech

- involuntary.

Clonic seizures

- short-term involuntary contractions and relaxations of muscles quickly following one after another.

Tonic convulsions

- prolonged muscle contractions due to a single impulse.

Tahilalia

- a speech disorder, expressed in excessive speed of its tempo, with full preservation of the remaining components of phonetic design, as well as Lesika and grammatical structure.

Bridle short

- a congenital defect consisting of shortening of the so-called frenulum of the tongue (hyoid ligament). With this defect, tongue movements may be difficult. This usually causes mechanical dyslalia.

Speech phobia

- obsessive fear of speech. Often observed with stuttering.

Phoneme

- speech sound - sound distinguisher. The Russian language has 42 phonemes (6 vowels and 36 consonants).

Phonemic hearing

- the ability to auditory perception of sound speech, phonemes, the ability to distinguish speech sounds in their sequence in words and the ability to distinguish phonemes that are similar in sound. F.s. is important for mastering the sound side of the language. Violation of F.s. in children leads to specific pronunciation deficiencies.

Language

- the most important means of communication, a tool for thinking and influencing people on each other.

Methods of speech therapy work on the formation of vocabulary in children with general speech underdevelopment

Publications on the topic:

Formation of coherent speech in children of senior preschool age with general underdevelopment of speech Methodological development on the topic: “Formation of coherent speech in children of senior preschool age with general underdevelopment of speech through.

“Educational game as a form of work with preschool children with general speech underdevelopment.” Slide 1 DEVELOPMENTAL GAME - AS A FORM OF WORK WITH PRESCHOOL CHILDREN WITH GENERAL SPEECH UNDERDEVELOPMENT. Slide 2. “You want your child.

Features of the formation of the grammatical structure of speech in children with general speech underdevelopment Introduction: A child’s acquisition of the grammatical structure of speech is a complex, multi-level process that is associated with the work of the cerebral cortex.

Speech therapy work on the formation of the syllabic structure of words in older preschoolers with general speech underdevelopment Among the various tasks of special education in kindergarten, a special place should be given to mastering the sound and syllabic structure.

Event “Use of Lego technologies in speech therapy work with children with general speech underdevelopment” I. Hello, dear teachers. We are pleased to welcome you to this meeting, which we want to devote to: The use of LEGO technology.

Features of dialogical speech of children of senior preschool age with general speech underdevelopment Children with general speech underdevelopment have significant difficulties in communicating between children and with adults. Most children with ODD.

Outline of a lesson on the development of coherent speech in children with general speech underdevelopment Program content: • Correctional and educational tasks: expanding and concretizing ideas about domestic animals. Improvement.

Development of vocabulary in older preschoolers with general speech underdevelopment of level III Speech development is an essential component of the general education of a preschooler; it is closely related to cognitive and mental development.

Development of figurative speech in children of senior preschool age with general underdevelopment of speech in integrated classes Development of figurative speech in children of senior preschool age with general underdevelopment of speech in integrated classes Tukish Tatyana Fedorovna.

Features of the use of theatrical games in speech therapy work with children with general speech underdevelopment Preschool educational institutions and groups for children with speech disorders are the first stage of lifelong education and are included in.